Theoritical Approach Definition Banking Innovation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

To start with , bank can be defined as an establishment authorized by the government for the safekeeping of money. In other words, it is an institution to receive deposits, make loans, act as an intermediary in financial transactions and provide other services to its customer. The bank have the duty of controlling liquidity , fixed exchange rate according to market forces and securing information about each customer. Innovation can be defined as a process by which a new invention is being introduced in the society. In order to be called innovation , an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need, Banking innovation can be defined as the new developments and invention in the banking sector to benefit and facilitate the task of the society. According to Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990), innovation means the introduction of new technology in the environment which will eventually benefits the task of people. The banking sector is in progress as more and more new banking innovation is being introduced in the society making the routine tasks of the people more simple. Banks no longer restricted themselves to traditional banking activities but explore new avenues. Diederen (1990) showed that information technology is vital in the banking sector for the prospects and improvements in the financial transaction. Also customer service is an additional form of banking in novation being offered. As said by Hanson (2000) , customer service is present in order to help customers to facilitate their task regarding banking sector. In other words , it helps people to adapt themselves to the new banking innovation. 2.2 Banking Innovation : Benefits and Drawbacks Internet Banking Internet banking exists only on the internet. It allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their bank. In other words , it make banking more convenient for customers as they can use their personal computer to access any information they have the rights to acquire. In addition, it is very advantageous for busy customers as they can gain access to their accounts from home or office. Internet banking facilitate tasks like payment of bills, account enquiries, exchange rate information, recharging mobile phone credit , fund transfer, loan application and application for new accounts. Also, with internet banking, it is more quickly and convenient as the task can be done more quickly rather than queuing at the bank. According to Booz (1997), the expense for using internet banks is about twenty per cent whereas on the other hand , expense for normal banks is about sixty per cent and hence expenditures on paper slips and forms decreases and this can help the profit margin of the bank to increase. In addition, Sathye (1999) added that internet banking is the most profitable tool for providing services to customers. Furst et al (2002) said that there are two types of internet banking which are firstly an established website where every customer gain access to their respective bank through the internet and secondly, the internet-only bank and this type of internet banking have no main branch and it rely only on computer server. However , internet banking may also have some disadvantages. An illiterate person may not be fully aware of how to use the internet banking rather in the normal bank , he can go to some employee of the bank to ask for solutions. Also forgery can be an important factor against internet banking. User name and password may be hack and in such case, people loses their money without knowing. There can also have technical breakdowns that is , banking websites go down. Phone Banking Phone banking is a service provided by the bank to enable customer who possess a phone and a bank account to carry various banking operations like checking their account balances, exchange rate information , transfer of funds between two accounts and many others. Also, there is no queuing at the bank as the services can be accessed anywhere using the phone. It is also more convenient for customers and reduces paperwork of the bank. According to Laukkanen (2007), mobile banking with good connection improve service quality as customers can perform financial transaction regardless of time and place. Hence this can brought forward a close relationship between the banks and the customers. According to the Federal Reserve Study (2012), 21% of people possessing a mobile are using the services of mobile banking. However, the procedure using the phone banking might be long. The data transmission is not fast when comparing with internet banking. Also there may not have enough security when u sing phone banking while comparing with other banking innovation. Automated Teller Machine ( ATM ) Card It is an electronic banking outlet which allows customers to perform certain banking transactions without the aid of a branch representatives. ATM card is also known as bank card , client card , key card or cash card. Mc Nally and Abernathy (1989) quoted only one advantage : the cost of each transaction is lower when the ATM is used as opposed to a live teller. After the installation of the ATM machines , services to customers like withdrawing of funds , balance enquiries and transferring of funds from current account to savings account are allowed outside the bank. In addition , money can be withdrawn at any time of the day or night. It also reduce workload of banks staff , provide services with no error and prove to be beneficial for travellers as there is no need to carry large amount of money. However there are few pitfalls of ATM as fraudulent card readers called skimmers can be placed over authentic reader in order to capture numbers and codes to thieves. Also, thieves norma lly are aware that people leaving the ATM destination must be having withdrawn money and hence the customers are attacked. In addition , a bank fees is charged when removing money from the ATM. Also illiterate person would not be comfortable with is new technology. Gilly and Zeithaml (1985) said that senior citizens would less likely be adapted with ATM and they would prefer to go to the bank itself. Credit Cards Credit cards have been a part of daily transaction since the 19th century. Franklin National Bank issued the first bank credit card in 1952. It is a payment card issued to customers for payment. It can be used instead of cash for purchasing. There is sometimes great competition in the credit card industry and hence some banks often offer gift vouchers in order to attract customers. According to White (1975) , credit cards enable the purchase of goods and services without the need to have the money present at the time of purchasing. Usually a credit limit is available which the customer can do their purchases and payment be done at a later date. At the end of each month, the cardholder receive a statement indicating his amount owed. Brito and Hartley (1995) said that credit card can serve customer a means of precautionary money available to them. Even large purchases can be cover depending on the credit limit. Credit cards avoid fraud, that is only the exact amount will be paid from the card. At the point of sale , there is a system known as electronic verification which verify whether the card is valid or not and checking whether the customer has sufficient credit to meet the purchases. It is also advantageous for the merchants as credit card is a more secure way of receiving payment than liquid cash as this would discourage theft. It is also more convenient when travelling than carrying cash and can meet unexpected emergencies like car repairs or health needs. As said by Feinberg (1986), credit cards encourages spending and hence decreasing the ability of consumers to save for future needs. In other words it reduces the buying power as the credit used must be repaid. It encourages debt and bankruptcy if not used wisely. Also further interest charges are added if the amount owed is not paid fully. Debit Cards It is a plastic card that enable cardholder to perform financial transactions or withdraw money through the Automatic Teller Machine. The first debit card was introduced in UK in the year 1987.With the use of a debit card , purchases can be made hence decreasing the need of carrying money everywhere and an interest is earn on the deposit that is available on the debit card. Also online products can be purchased with the use of the debit card. As said by king and king (2005) , the usage of debit cards increases because consumers are worried about the credit that should be repaid later after making purchases when using credit cards. Unlike credit cards , debit cards allows customer to stay within the budget as only the money available in the account can be spend. Debit cards are accepted more easily by merchants rather than personal cheque. However, there are some drawbacks associated with debit cards. If the card is lost , you can lose all money available in the account as pin code can be easily found with the new technologies. Doing purchases online is not always advantageous as it encourages online scam threat , that is , the card can be used to make unauthorized transactions by hackers. Also , debit card is not acceptable everywhere to make purchases , like small shops or markets, hence in such places liquid cash is a better option. Smart Cards Smart card was invented in 1973 by a Frenchman named Roland Marino. Smart card known as the electronic wallet looks the same as a credit card in size and shape. As said by Fancher (1997), smart cards contains a single chip micro controller embedded in the plastic, hence large amounts of data can be stored in it. The level of security when using a smart card is quite high as data can only be accessible only if the Personal Identification Number (PIN) is typed. Like credit cards, smart card can also store financial information. Moreover, it can store business information , telephone numbers and personal information given its high level of data storage. However , data stored on a smart card cannot be altered. Once stored , it is forever. Also , smart card is more exprensive than other ordinary card readers. Electronic money Electronic money . also known as digital money , electronic cash , electronic currency , cyber currency or e-money can be defined as money which is exchanged electronically. The use of computer network, internet and digital stored value systems is essential for using the electronic money. There are two types of electronic money that exists which are identified e-money and anonymous e-money. Identified e-money contains information about the person who withdrew the money. On the other hand , anonymous e-money looks like real paper cash and once money is withdrawn from an account , no identification of the person can be made. There also exists two types of approaches of electronic money , that is online e-money and offline e-money. Online e-money can be defined as the interaction with a bank to conduct a transaction with another person. The use of credit cards at the point of sale can be a good example as the banks computer would indicate whether the card is valid or not on the spot . However the bank has to maintain a detailed and up-to-date database. On the other hand , offline e-money is when a transaction is done without involving a bank directly. However if a double spender is found , the prevention may not be immediate. An example of offline e-money would be smart card. IMPACT OF BANKING INNOVATION According to Joseph and Stone (2003) , the new banking innovation in recent years like automated teller machines and internet banking services has increased customers confidence and market share. The more banking innovation being introduced in a country can lead to a more perfect economic development. Levine (1997) identified five characteristics which shows its contribution to economic development. These are savings mobilization, controlling of risks, proper allocation of resources, corporate control and enable the trading of goods and services. Also , with banking innovation , the bank branches would be less crowded with people as computer literate people would prefer doing the transaction through the internet. Also, the fact that most of the transactions are computerized hence there will be less paper work. Also, in case of emergency , money can be withdrawn from the ATM regardless of time. However banking innovation may not prove to be beneficial for all people. Many people may lose their jobs at the bank branches because many financial transaction are being processed through the internet. Also, illiterate people may not fully adapt themselves to these form of innovation. They would not benefit the same as literate person as they must go to the branches itself to perform the transaction though it could have been done at home itself. Also , they might be getting a lot of difficulty to use ATM machine as the steps and instructions to follow are normally written in English. Moreover inventing and doing research on new tools in the banking sector like credit cards , debit cards, the automated teller machine and smart cards cost a lot of money. EMPIRICAL APPROACH Theories of Banking Innovation and Literature Review According to Dannenberg and keller (1998) , retail banking is severely affected with the use of internet banking as normally retails banks process financial transactions directly with the customers. Hence internet banking would not allow close relationship between the bank and customer. However, Dannenberg and keller (1998) also found a possibility to let both the customers and the bank to communicate person-to-person that is , by using video conferencing. Sujit Chakravorti (2003) has studied that credit cards provide only benefits to merchants and consumers and also proved that it is better than other payment cards while comparing the number of transactions being processed over the last 20 years. The latter also conducted a discussion about credit card network about how to tackle the challenges. Moreover, in 2006 ,a model was constructed by Sujit Chakravorti to study consumers , card issuer and merchants. According to this model , three interesting results were found. Firstly , if cost of funds of the issuer is low and the profit margin earned by the merchant is high then the issuer grant credit cards to selected consumers to increase sales of merchants. Secondly , the ability of issuer to charge high discount fees depends upon the number of customers using credit cards. Thirdly , every merchants profit decreases in the next period when they all started to accept credit cards , hence an intertemporal effect is arised. Hayashi and Klee (2003) examined the use of debit cards by consumers. The latter used the data from the year 2001 in order to get a survey about how much uses the internet and hence found that the literate persons using technology are more adapted the new form of payment that is , the use of debit cards. However whether to use debit card or not depends upon the type of purchase being made. He also pointed out that personal preferences and transaction-specific factors are important. According to the study of Adams and Thieben (1991) o f training people over fifty years old to use Automated Teller Machine , they found that the type of training provided is not sufficient for the usage of the ATM. Hence , the fact that banks provide little training opportunities , people must learn on their own about how to use the ATM. Hatta and Liyama (1991) also studied that people can use ATM successfully without any instructions. They found that the first try for deposits was 69% , 53% for the transferring of funds between two accounts and 58% for the withdrawing of funds. They also believe that practice makes perfect. However , both studies shows that there is a need train people to use the ATM. Hatta and Liyama ( 1991) suggest that the design of the ATM should be taken into consideration in order to facilitate the people trying to use ATM for the first time. According to the study of Suoranta (2003) , she found that people using phone banking are normally between the age groups 25 to 34 years old and must be literate. She also found that some people prefer mobile banking rather than internet banking services. Hence the users of internet banking and phone banking would differ. Suoranta (2003) also said that it is vital for the service provider to be aware of the differences between users of internet banking and phone banking so that they can correctly make better allocation of resources and marketing strategies to be brought forward. The aim of this research done by Suoranta (2003) was simply to know how users of phone banking differ from that of internet banking. A study was carried forward by Lunt (1992) in order to examine the factors that increase the card usage in USA when consumers have many credit cards. He found that consumers uses one credit card rather than the other because of advantages like low interest rates and also the amount of credit limit being offered. Lunt ( 1992) also noted that the number of people using credit cards in USA is constantly increasing because of the high credit limits being offered to them. He also said that US credit cards banks uses techniques like giving bonus on cash at bank and no annual fee to be paid in order to encourage card holder. Another similar study was carried by Kaynak and Harcar ( 2001) to examine consumer behavior towards the ownership of credit card in Turkey and found that the structure of the card , the choice and attitudes of the cardholders that matters for the type of credit cards to be used. Boeschoten (1992) studied the impact of payment cards on cash demand in Netherlands. On the data collected in 1990 from household surveys , he examined how the automated teller machine , credit cards and debit cards cause an impact of the cash demand in Netherlands. Boeschoten (1992) said that the coefficient of a dummy variable when measuring the usage of ATM is not large for the amount of cash in the purse and the same case is for debit cards, that is , it does not affect purse cash demand. However when focusing on the ove rall cash demand rather than purse cash demand , then he found out that the constant use of debit card and ATM decreases the cash in hand by 15% and 18% respectively. According to Duca and Whitesell (1995), the cardholder normally do not check their money balances frequently. Duca and Whitesell (1995) conducted a study and showed that if the percentage of people holding a card is 10% hence 9% of cardholders would not bother about checking their bank balances regularly. He also highlighted that a variable and a sample is important when studying with these data.

Biography Of James Joseph Bulger Jr. - 1708 Words

James â€Å"Whitey† Bulger I think we would all agree sixteen years is quite a long time. What if I were to tell you someone had been on the run from the law enforcement for that long before being caught? The name is James Joseph Bulger Jr. also known as Whitey Bulger. Whitey was one of the most notorious mob bosses in American history for his criminal reign in South Boston, Massachusetts. Whitey was a very violent criminal that had a rap sheet a mile long that included: murder, extortion, racketeering, and the list goes on. I am here to talk with you about the story of Whitey in his early years, his criminal reign in South Boston, and his life on the run from law enforcement for over a decade. On September 3, 1929, Whitey was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Whitey was one of six children born in a Roman Catholic family. He got his nickname for his whitish-blonde colored hair. Whitey grew up in the project of South Boston where he would find his criminal ways. Whiteyâ€℠¢s first crime came just at the early age of 14 years old for stealing. However, Whitey would not learn from his mistake and his criminal record would continue to get worse from there. Whitey was arrested multiple times as a juvenile for things such as theft, fraud, assault and robbery. He would end up serving five years in a juvenile detention school for his delinquent acts. Once released from detention at the age of eighteen years old, Whitey would join the air force where his trouble still seemed to followShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesState University Jane Crabtree, Benedictine University Suzanne Crampton, Grand Valley State University Douglas Crawford, Wilson College Michael Cruz, San Jose State University Robert Cyr, Northwestern University Evelyn Dadzie, Clark Atlanta University Joseph Daly, Appalachian State University Denise Daniels, Seattle Pacific Uni versity Marie Dasborough, Oklahoma State University Nancy Da Silva, San Jose State University Christine Day, Eastern Michigan University Emmeline de Pillis, University of Hawaii

Toxicity of Compound in the Zebrafish Bioassay Lab Report - 1

Essays on Toxicity of Compound in the Zebrafish Bioassay Lab Report The paper "Toxicity of Compound in the Zebrafish Bioassay" is a good example of a lab report on chemistry. For Dr. Pack, our UPenn gastroenterologist collaborator, to test the toxicity of compound 2 in the zebrafish bioassay, we provided Dr. Porter with the compound. At the end of the chemical reaction session, a certain research grouped challenged that they were in a position to isoflavone using AlCl3in dioxane. In this case, the group did not state any conditions for this reaction to take place. As such, I decided to optimize the reaction conditions starting with the model compound Chromanone. In this case, I mixed chromanone and AlCl3 in dioxane and then refluxed the content for 3 hours. Unfortunately, I did not obtain positive results and hence I was prompted to repeat the procedure. In this attempt, I decreased dioxane’s volume from 50 ml to 20 ml, used 10% of AlCl3, and I prolonged the reaction time from 3 hours to 12 hours. During the reaction, I monitored the proceeding using TLC. However, I did not obtain the intended products after several tests. In the third attempt, I changed most of the conditions and measured used in the first two trials. In this case, I used 0.500 gm of chromanone in 20 ml dioxane and 0.40 mg of AlCl3 which represents 10% of the starting material. I also reduced the frequency of monitoring to 2 hours. After the first two hours, the starting materials had completely disappeared. This indicated that I had optimized the TLC condition, by using different ratios of ethyl acetate and hexane. Then, I ran prep-TLC and I realized 4 different compounds. I then separated these 4 new products and conducted tests by NMR. However, the 4 compounds did not match the expected NMR spectrum of the desired product.My failure in these experiments prompted me to carry out research in journals and other materials. In this case, I came across some work discussing ring opining reaction on isoflavanones. The source has indicated all the conditions and the details about the experiment. However, the source suggests that I should use LiAlH4 which is a hazardous chemical. We had training with Dr. West on pyrophoric materials and now we are fully prepared to do the reaction.

Of Mice and Men Loneliness Sample Essay Example For Students

Of Mice and Men Loneliness Sample Essay Loneliness is a cardinal subject in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck for many characters in the novel were isolated and secluded. Curley’s married woman had a dream of doing it in the films but after get marrieding Curley she was stuck on the spread and non allowed to speak to anybody. The stable-buck Crooks was discriminated against for he was black and this caused some terrible jobs because he was isolated from everyone. Guies who travel around looking for work on spreads are the loneliest cats in the universe for they have no lasting place and nil to look frontward to. After get marrieding Curley. Curley’s married woman was stuck on the spread all by herself. She was isolated from everyone because she was the lone female on the spread and had no friends. Curley wanted to maintain her all for himself because he did non swear her to remain loyal. Merely two hebdomads into her matrimony with Curley. Curley’s married woman was get downing to gain that she was stuck at that place entirely with cipher to speak to. It is apparent when she said â€Å"you can speak to people. but I can’t talk to cipher but Curley† that all she wanted was person else to speak to. Crooks was a black stable-buck who was looked down upon and treated like soil because of the coloring material of his tegument. The manner he was treated was shown when we are told that ‘the foreman gives him hell when he’s mad’ this shows how he is treated lesser than everyone else because the foreman gives him snake pit and cipher else. Because he was separated and secluded from everyone around him he realised that â€Å"a cat goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody† because he was so entirely because no 1 wanted to be near him. He was over being so lonely and when he says â€Å"a cat gets excessively alone an’ he gets sick† we realise that he is over being so lonely and can non take it any longer. In the clip that this book was written black people were treated like nil and this left them experiencing lonely and unwanted. merely like the ranchmen of that clip. Work force who carried their properties from spread to ranch looking for work neer have a stable place and are ever on the move go forthing them lonely and hankering for a better life. George says â€Å"we don’t belong to no place† stating us that ranchmen are ever on the move and that they don’t have a topographic point that they can merely travel back that they can name place. When George says â€Å"guys like us that work on spreads are the loneliest cats in the world† this gives us an penetration into how these ranchmen feel and how they see themselves being the loneliest cats in the universe

Rugby And Football Essays - Ball Games, Football Codes, Team Sports

Rugby And Football Rugby and Football The thick, broad-shouldered athlete breathes heavily and grunts with each step as he and his teammates push mightily against the opposition. His arms are locked over his teammates' shoulders, all of their heads down. The two teams are pushing against each other like two moose fighting over territory. He looks down to see the ball, sitting just in front of his feet. If he could just hook it with his foot and heave it to his teammate behind him... This is what every player in a scrum is thinking while they fight each other for possession. Rugby is the true sport of men, because you wear no pads, and it is even more violent than football; however, football requires that you wear pads, thus being the true sport of want-to-be men. The rules of these similar yet vastly different games are extremely complex, so only the basics are necessary to distinguish the better sport. In football, the primary rule is that you must advance the ball forward by throwing it or running with it. Once a player with the ball is downed, the entire team lines up again, and the ball is snapped to the quarterback. The short pause in-between each down may not seem significant, but it definitely takes its toll on the excitement. In rugby, however, the primary rule is that you can only advance the ball by running with, kicking, or passing it. With passing, though, you can only pass the ball backwards or directly to your side, never forward. Like football, you score by running the ball into the endzone or by kicking it through the uprights. Also, you must touch the ball to the ground for it to count, and it is worth five points. When kicking, the ball can be kicked from anywhere spontaneously. If it passes through the uprights, it is worth three points, as in football. The equipment for the two sports is widely different, with football requiring much more. In football, players must wear a large set of pads, covering most of their body, and a masked helmet. The ball is made up of an inflated rubber bladder, surrounded by stitched leather, and it appears ellipsoidal in shape. Most players now wear cleated or spiked shoes, but flat-soles are often worn for artificial turf surfaces. But rugby, being the true sport of men, uses no pads of helmets. In fact the only equipment that are somewhat similar in both games can be found from the ankles down. Players wear a jersey, usually long-sleeved, athletic shorts, and cleated shoes. The ball has an oval shape to it, and is blunter than a football so that it may easily be bounced and dropkicked. The origins of football trace back to ancient Greece when they played a form of football know as harpaston, and the Romans played a similar game, harpastum. In medieval times, another form of football, calcio, flourished in Italy. Most modern versions of football however, originated in England, where a form of the game was known in the 12th century. Rugby is said to have originated when a boy at Rugby School in Rugby, England picked up and carried the ball during a game of football in 1823. Previously, the rules had only allowed the ball to be kicked. As I said before, rugby is the true sport of men. It is the supreme test of strength, endurance, determination, and agility. Whereas in football, the players are so cocky and greedy about how much money they will make during this game, that most of them do not even work their hardest to win, as long as they make a living.

Five Pillars of Islam Essays

Five Pillars of Islam Essays Five Pillars of Islam Essay Five Pillars of Islam Essay Checkpoint: The Five Pillars of Islam What are the central beliefs of Islam, and how are they reflected in the Five Pillars† (McInerney, 2003)? Which of the Five Pillars do you feel would be easiest to fulfill, and which would be the most challenging (McInerney, 2003)? A central belief of Islam is monotheism. This is a belief of only one God, Allah. The believer’s purpose is to serve Allah and live a moral life by following the Five Pillars. Muslims are obligated to follow these Five Pillars in the Qur’an, the holy book to all Muslims. The Five Pillars are faith, prayer, Zakat, the fast, and hajj. All of these Pillars show devotion to Allah. The first of the pillar of Islam is faith or Shahadah. The believer must profess God is the only god and Muhammad is His messenger. Muhammad is not a god but a messenger of God for guidance. The Qur’an requires believers tell others of Islam in order for them to make an intelligent choice. The second pillar is prayer. The believer recites a series of prayers and passages from the Qur’an while kneeling and bowing five times a day while facing Mecca. : When the prayers are recited by a congregation, all stands and bow shoulder to shoulder, without any class distinction. During the prayer, the kneeling and bowing shows submission to Allah. Repeating the prayers is believed to strengthen one’s belief in God’s existence and carry this belief deep into one’s heart and all aspect of external life. Prayer is also used to purify ones heart, develop the mind and conscience, stop evil in a person, and awakening higher aspiration and morality (Fisher, 2005). Zakat, spiritual tithing is the third pillar. At the end of the year the believer donates two and half percent of all their income to the less fortunate. This is done for purification and growth. The belief is to help decrease the inequalities in wealth and prevention of personal greed. Charity is a necessity for Muslims. The fourth pillar is fasting. Although frequent fast are recommended the only fast required is during Ramadan. This is to honor the first revelation of the Qur’an to Muhammad. The believer must abstain from sexual relations, drink, food, and smoking from dusk to dawn during the entire month of Ramadan. Muslim’s lunar calendar is 354 days so Ramadan moves through all seasons. Muslims believe fasting purges the body of impurities and provides clarity and a light body to move and act. It teaches one not to allow anything to enter the mind and heart to distract one away from God. Fasting help controls one body’s desire while mastering the lower emotions of jealousy and anger. The pilgrimage to Mecca, hajj, is the fifth pillar. All Muslims who can financially afford this trip is expected make the trip at least once in their lifetime. The series of symbolic rituals are designed for the believer to experiences a closeness with God like never before. The males dress in special garments not sewn, all looking alike. No distinction is detected. Circling of Ka’ba seven times symbolizes the continual rotation around the One by the angels of all of creation, to the seventh heaven. The pilgrim’s heart should be filled with the remembrance of Allah. The pilgrim visits the sacred field of Arafat. This site is believed to be where Adam and Eve were taught that humans were created exclusively for worshipping God (Fisher, 2005. ) Here prayer is from noon to sunset for the forgiveness of anything that has separated them from God. The central belief of Islam is, monotheism, prayer, tithing, charity, fasting, and visiting Mecca, echoed in the Five Pillars of Islam. Although I am not of the Islam faith, the easiest pillar to follow is Zakat. Charity and tithing is a part of my life. I believe in it with all of my heart. It helps me to stay grounded, not put a high level of importance on materialistic objects, and level headed. I also believe God would approve. God does not want His children to be greedy. God want us to help others. I do believe in one God. However, I don’t believe Muhammad should have all the emphasis shown, a self proclaim messenger. I believe in only one God. Therefore I believe the first pillar would be the hardest. Fisher, M. P. (2005). Living Religions (6th ed. ). Pearson Education: Prentice Hall

The Relationship Between Phenomenal Consciousness And Access Essay - 1

The Relationship Between Phenomenal Consciousness And Access Consciousness - Essay Example An important characteristic of the phenomenon consciousness that warrant noting is that differences in intentional content usually distinguish P- consciousness and makes it to stand out among other related phenomenon. A further attribute is that phenomenon conscious differences often lead to intentional differences (Jackndoff, 1987; Flanagan, 1992). On the other hand (Nagel, 1974), depicts access consciousness differently. According to Ned Block, access consciousness is achieved if it is perched for direct rational controls of thoughts and actions. It is specifically involved in data or information processing, computing, and control of behavior or conduct. Access consciousness is a cluster concept where the ability to do reports is the idea of the cluster which has the smaller weight even though it is often considered the best practical directive to access consciousness. A very important concept that Ned portrays (p, 208), is that phenomenon and access consciousness have been a ground of criticism for the functionalism and behaviorism (Block and Fodor, 1972), however no distinct need for an information generation motive of consciousness to be discussed considering several viewpoints that exist. ii. At particular instances, phenomenon conscious type of state may exists but not links or connections with the access conscious at that same time. This hence brings out the sense that the exemplar phenomenon conscious situations are quite sensational while that of access conscious are propositional attitudes. iii. Access conscious illustrations are representational while phenomenon consciousnesses are phenomenal or exceptional. Access consciousness does not make the needed intellectual demands as one may think but of self-consciousness, and for the identified phenomenal consciousness. The word consciousness presages a wide variety of perceptions and stands for